It is widely known that vitamin D receptors have been found in neurons and glial cells, and
their highest expression is in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus and subcortical …

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether vitamin D levels are related to the risk of developing
autoimmune diseases and whether supplementation with vitamin D can modify the course of …

Autoimmune diseases represent a heterogeneous group of conditions whose incidence is
increasing worldwide. This has stimulated studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a …

Although strong genetic determinants of multiple sclerosis (MS) exist, the findings of
migration studies support a role for environmental factors in this disease. Through rigorous …

Lately, vitamin D has been linked with metabolic and immunological processes, which
established its role as an essential component of human health preservation. Vitamin D has …

Twin studies are powerful tools to discriminate whether a complex disease is due to genetic
or environmental factors. High concordance rates among monozygotic (MZ) twins support …

CD8+ T‐cell deficiency is a feature of many chronic autoimmune diseases, including
multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren′ s …

Autoimmunity is influenced by multiple factors including gender and sex hormones. A
definite female predominance is found in many autoimmune diseases. Gender is also …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and disabling disease that attacks the central nervous
system (CNS). The symptoms, progression, and severity of the disease are unpredictable …

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of cardiac injury in the Western world.
Cardiac injury activates innate immune mechanisms initiating an inflammatory reaction …