The frequent emergence of coronavirus (CoV) epidemics has seriously threatened public
health and stock farming. The major hosts for CoVs are birds and mammals. Although most …

Calf diarrhea is a commonly reported disease in young animals, and still a major cause of
productivity and economic loss to cattle producers worldwide. In the report of the 2007 …

Coronavirus particles are enveloped and pleomorphic and are thus refractory to
crystallization and symmetry-assisted reconstruction. A novel methodology of single-particle …

Coronavirus particles serve three fundamentally important functions in infection. The virion
provides the means to deliver the viral genome across the plasma membrane of a host cell …

The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causative pathogens of
diarrhoea in young ruminants; therefore, it causes economic losses and impairs animal …

Livestock products supply about 13 percent of energy and 28 percent of protein in diets
consumed worldwide. Diarrhea is a leading cause of sickness and death of beef and dairy …

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) has a complex pathogenesis and aetiology, being the
costliest disease affecting the cattle industry in North America. In this study, we applied …

Respiratory and enteric diseases continue to be two major causes of economic losses to the
cattle industry worldwide. Despite their multifactorial etiology, the currently available …

Introduction Calf diarrhea is a significant condition that has a strong effect on the cattle
industry, resulting in huge economic losses annually. Bovine torovirus (BToV), bovine …

Toroviruses (ToVs) are a group of emerging viruses that cause gastroenteritis in domestic
animals and humans. Currently, methods such as real-time reverse transcription …