Phenotypic plasticity–the ability of an individual organism to alter its features in direct
response to a change in its environment–is ubiquitous. Understanding how and why this …

The generation of variation is paramount for the action of natural selection. Although
biologists are now moving beyond the idea that random mutation provides the sole source of …

Understanding if and how individuals and populations cope with environmental change is
an enduring question in evolutionary ecology that has renewed importance given the pace …

Understanding constraints to phenotypic plasticity is key given its role on the response of
organisms to environmental change. It has been suggested that phenotypic integration, the …

Many morphological, behavioral, physiological, and life-history traits covary across the
biological scales of individuals, populations, and species. However, the processes that …

Highlights•We provide a conceptual framework to examine correlated behavioural
plasticities.•We summarize conditions likely to give rise to them and highlight testable …

It has been widely recognized that species show extensive variation in form and function.
Based on species' attributes, they can be positioned along major axes of variation, which are …

Although the evolutionary importance of adaptive phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism of
adaptation to spatial and temporal environmental variation is acknowledged as part of the …

Labile plasticity in a complex quantitative character is modeled, with multiple components
contributing to net plasticity in the character. Each component has a specific development …

Polyphenisms in social insects arise from flexible developmental mechanisms that may
produce behaviorally and morphologically specialized workers. The ant genus Pheidole is …