Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex condition with a prevalence of 10–15%
worldwide. An inverse-graded relationship exists between cardiovascular events and …

Art. 1.1475/ringraziamenti Page 1 European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
2918 Abstract. – Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death, is mostly …

Some propose using phosphate binders in the CKD population given the association
between higher levels of phosphorus and mortality, but their safety and efficacy in this …

Introduction. Heart failure (HF) is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease
(CKD) and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and is strongly associated with mortality in …

Background Klotho was originally identified in a mutant mouse strain unable to express the
gene that consequently showed shortened life spans. In humans, low serum Klotho levels …

Background Guidelines recommend reducing elevated serum phosphate in patients with
CKD. Tenapanor, a minimally absorbed inhibitor of gastrointestinal sodium/hydrogen …

Maintenance of phosphate balance is essential for life, and mammals have developed a
sophisticated system to regulate phosphate homeostasis over the course of evolution …

Elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and phosphate are highly associated
with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients suffering from chronic kidney …

Patients with CKD often progress to ESRD and develop cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet
available therapies only modestly improve clinical outcomes. Observational studies report …

End stage renal disease is associated with a very high risk of premature cardiovascular
death and morbidity. Early stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) is also associated with an …