Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by a mirror-image
transposition of both the abdominal and the thoracic organs. While this anomaly is known …

The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling family is evolutionarily conserved in
metazoans. The signal transduction mechanisms of TGFβ family members have been …

Summary Left-dominant [Ca 2+] i elevation on the left margin of the ventral node furnishes
the initial laterality of mouse embryos. It depends on extracellular leftward fluid flow (nodal …

The vertebrate left–right axis is specified during embryogenesis by a transient organ: the left–
right organizer (LRO). Species including fish, amphibians, rodents and humans deploy …

The transcriptional effector SMAD4 is a core component of the TGF-β family signaling
pathways. However, its role in vertebrate embryo development remains unresolved. To …

Contamination of phthalate ester plasticizers threatens the wildlife as well as human health.
To evaluate the developmental toxicity of commonly used phthalate esters and emerging …

In this manuscript, we developed a two-fold symmetric linchpin (TSL) that converts readily
available phage-displayed peptides libraries made of 20 common amino acids to genetically …

Cilia are hair‐like structures that project from the surface of cells. In vertebrates, most cells
have an immotile primary cilium that mediates cell signaling, and some specialized cells …

Heterotaxy (HTX) is a rare condition of abnormal thoraco-abdominal organ arrangement
across the left–right axis of the body. The pathogenesis of HTX includes a derangement of …

Vital internal organs display a left-right (LR) asymmetric arrangement that is established
during embryonic development. Disruption of this LR asymmetry—or laterality—can result in …