Anti-PD-1 therapy can induce eradication of tumors and immune-related adverse events
(irAEs) in humans and model animals. However, how anti-PD-1 therapy modifies cellular …

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related death, and lymph node is the most common
site of metastasis in breast cancer. However, the alterations that happen in tumor-draining …

Background. Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is involved in regulating the expansion and effector
function of a broad range of leukocytes, including T cells and B cells. In transplantation, the …

CD4 T cells guide the development of CD8 T cells into memory by elaborating mitogenic
and differentiation factors and by licensing professional antigen-presenting cells. CD4 T …

IL-21 is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates the functional activity of various immune
cells. Initial studies have shown that IL-21 can influence the differentiation, proliferation and …

CD8 positive, tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are a specialized subset of CD8 memory
T cells that surveil tissues and provide critical first-line protection against tumors and …

Background: Previously, we have found that blockade of PD-1/PD-Ls pathway could
enhance CD4+ T cells-mediated protective immunity in patients with active tuberculosis …

The introduction of immunotherapy with checkpoint receptor blockade has changed the
treatment of advanced cancers, at times inducing prolonged remission. Nevertheless, the …

In exploring persistent infections and malignancies, a distinctive subgroup of CD8+ T cells,
progenitor exhausted CD8+ T (Tpex) cells, has been identified. These Tpex cells are notable …

IL-1β plays critical roles in the priming and effector phases of immune responses such as the
differentiation, commitment, and memory formation of T cells. In this context, several reports …