The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-
containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are …

Due to the high risk of an outbreak of pandemic influenza, the development of a broadly
protective universal influenza vaccine is highly warranted. The design of such a vaccine has …

ABSTRACT The A/H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV) emerged from A/H3N8 equine
influenza virus (EIV) around the year 2000 through the transfer of a single virus from horses …

Background and aim The majority of seasonal influenza vaccines are trivalent, containing
two A virus strains (H1N1 and H3N2) and one B virus strain. The co-circulation of two distinct …

E-cigarette use has rapidly increased as an alternative means of nicotine delivery by heated
aerosolization. Recent studies demonstrate nicotine-containing e-cigarette aerosols can …

Objectives Controlled human infection, the intentional infection of healthy volunteers, allows
disease pathogenesis to be studied and vaccines and therapeutic interventions to be …

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exert health-beneficial effects by regulating innate immunity in the
intestinal tract. Due to growing health awareness, the demand for LAB and studies have …

Influenza represents a global public health threat. Currently available influenza vaccines are
effective against strain-matched influenza A and B viruses but do not protect against novel …

The influenza virus (IAV) is a major cause of respiratory disease, with significant infection
increases in pandemic years. Vaccines are a mainstay of IAV prevention but are …

Influenza A virus pandemics are rare events caused by novel viruses which have the ability
to spread in susceptible human populations. With respect to H1 subtype viruses, swine …