The advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) genome
editing, coupled with advances in computing and imaging capabilities, has initiated a new …

CRISPR–Cas systems provide resistance against foreign mobile genetic elements and have
a wide range of genome editing and biotechnological applications. In this Review, we …

The number and diversity of known CRISPR–Cas systems have substantially increased in
recent years. Here, we provide an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas …

Throughout their evolutionary history, bacteria have faced diverse threats from other
microorganisms, including competing bacteria, bacteriophages and predators. In response …

Bacteria are under immense evolutionary pressure from their viral invaders—
bacteriophages. Bacteria have evolved numerous immune mechanisms, both innate and …

We are in the midst of a golden age of uncovering defense systems against bacteriophages.
Apart from the fundamental interest in these defense systems, and revolutionary applications …

CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein
9) shows the opportunity to treat a diverse array of untreated various genetic and …

INTRODUCTION Bacteria are the most diverse and abundant cellular organisms on Earth,
and in recent years environmental genomics has revealed the existence of an enormous …

CRISPR-Cas technology has revolutionized biological research and holds great therapeutic
potential. Here, we review CRISPR-Cas systems and their latest developments with an …

Clustered regularly interspersed short pallindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR
associated proteins (Cas) system (CRISPR-Cas) came into light as prokaryotic defence …