Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immunological disease that causes acute inflammatory lesions
and chronic inflammation in the CNS, leading to tissue damage and disability. As awareness …

Background The cause of multiple sclerosis is believed to involve environmental exposure
and genetic susceptibility. We aimed to summarise the environmental risk factors that have …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease characterized by the breakdown of the
blood–brain barrier (BBB), and accumulation of inflammatory infiltrates in the central …

Three types of vascular dysfunction have been described in multiple sclerosis (MS). First,
findings from epidemiological studies suggest that patients with MS have a higher risk for …

Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by demyelination centered around
cerebral veins. Recent studies suggested this topographic pattern may be caused by venous …

Background: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was recently described in
patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A subject is considered CCSVI positive if≥ 2 venous …

The prevailing view on multiple sclerosis etiopathogenesis has been challenged by the
suggested new entity chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. To test this hypothesis, we …

Objective We sought to better understand the reasons for increasing prevalence of multiple
sclerosis (MS) by studying prevalence in relation to incidence, mortality rates, sex ratio, and …

Background Eagle's syndrome refers to a rare constellation of neuropathic and vascular
occlusive symptoms caused by pathologic elongation or angulation of the styloid process …

Venous abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions.
This paper reviews the literature regarding venous abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) …