Abstract The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic is a significant psychological
stressor in addition to its tremendous impact on every facet of individuals' lives and …

Astroglia are a broad class of neural parenchymal cells primarily dedicated to homoeostasis
and defence of the central nervous system (CNS). Astroglia contribute to the …

Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated
macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 …

Tremendous biomedical advancements in HIV prevention and treatment have led to
aspirational efforts to end the HIV epidemic. However, this goal will not be achieved without …

Despite efficient combination of the antiretroviral therapy (cART), which significantly
decreased mortality and morbidity of HIV-1 infection, a definitive HIV cure has not been …

Emerging data indicate that neurological complications occur as a consequence of severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The blood–brain barrier …

Macrophages are cells of the innate immunity constituting the mononuclear phagocyte
system and endowed with remarkable different roles essential for defense mechanisms …

Central nervous system (CNS) barriers predominantly mediate the immune-privileged status
of the brain, and are also important regulators of neuroimmune communication. It is …

Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes and microvesicles, have attracted
attention as potent carriers of intercellular communication throughout the body, including the …

The Nrf2-Keap1-ARE pathway is the principal regulator of antioxidant and phase II
detoxification genes. Its activation increases the expression of antioxidant and cytoprotective …