The vertebrate retina first evolved some 500 million years ago in ancestral marine
chordates. Since then, the eyes of different species have been tuned to best support their …

Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature
representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain …

This review summarizes our current knowledge of primate including human retina focusing
on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells and their connectivity. We have two main …

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) assists stabilization of the retinal image during head rotation.
OKN is driven by ON direction selective retinal ganglion cells (ON DSGCs), which encode …

Visual signals in the vertebrate retina are shaped by feedback and feedforward inhibition in
two synaptic layers. In one, horizontal cells establish fundamental center-surround receptive …

The mammalian retina is an important model system for studying neural circuitry: Its role in
sensation is clear, its cell types are relatively well defined, and its responses to natural …

In the mammalian retina, processes of approximately 70 types of interneurons form specific
synapses on roughly 30 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a neuropil called the inner …

Approaching predators cast expanding shadows (ie, looming) that elicit innate defensive
responses in most animals. Where looming is first detected and how critical parameters of …

Animals respond to visual threats, such as a looming object, with innate defensive
behaviors. Here, we report that a specific type of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), the OFF …

Antagonistic interactions between center and surround receptive field (RF) components lie
at the heart of the computations performed in the visual system. Circularly symmetric center …