Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-
I) are two retroviruses which infect the same target, CD 4+ T cells. This type of cell is …

Although some patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop only mild
symptoms, fatal complications have been observed among those with underlying diseases …

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or human T-lymphotropic virus
type I (HTLV-I) or both can lead to mortality. CD4+ T cells are the target for both HTLV-I and …

It is beyond dispute that cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) exert a vital function in the host's
antiviral defense mechanism. With the idea of the above factor and the logistic proliferation …

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are
two famous retroviruses that share similarities in their genomic organization, and differ in …

In this paper, we formulate a within‐host dynamics model for HIV/HTLV‐I co‐infection under
the influence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The model incorporates silent HIV‐infected …

The aim of this work is to propose and analyze a new mathematical model formulated by
fractional differential equations (FDEs) that describes the dynamics of oncolytic M1 …

This paper presents two HIV/HTLV co-infection models with antibody immune response. The
first model is given by 5-dimensional ODEs that describe the within–host interactions of five …

The main target of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-
lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is the CD4+ T cell which is considered the key player in …

Mathematical models have been considered as a robust tool to support biological and
medical studies of human viral infections. The global stability of viral infection models …