Although long-term memory consolidation is supported by sleep, it is unclear how it differs
from that during wakefulness. Our review, focusing on recent advances in the field, identifies …

Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

While initial encoding of contextual memories involves the strengthening of hippocampal
circuits, these memories progressively mature to stabilized forms in neocortex and become …

The last decade has produced exciting new ideas about retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and its
role in integrating diverse inputs. Here, we review the diversity in forms of spatial and …

Rats and mice are used for studying neuronal circuits underlying recognition memory due to
their ability to spontaneously remember the occurrence of an object, its place and an …

Memory systems consolidation is often conceived as the linear, time-dependent,
neurobiological shift of memory from hippocampal-cortical to cortico-cortical dependency …

Optogenetic modulation of brain neural activity that combines optical and electrical modes in
a unitary neural system has recently gained robust momentum. Controlling illumination …

The acquisition of fear associative memory requires brain processes of coordinated neural
activity within the amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem …

The standard systems consolidation account posits that recently formed memories are
initially dependent on the hippocampus and only gradually become instantiated in …

The introduction of rest intervals interspersed with practice strengthens wakeful
consolidation of skill. The mechanisms by which the brain binds discrete action …