Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic, chronic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and
elevated blood glucose levels. Although a large drug portfolio exists to keep the blood …

Renal tubules are the major component of the kidney and are vulnerable to a variety of
injuries including hypoxia, proteinuria, toxins, metabolic disorders, and senescence. It has …

Myocardial fibrosis is a significant global health problem associated with nearly all forms of
heart disease. Cardiac fibroblasts comprise an essential cell type in the heart that is …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. Interstitial fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis and inflammation play the central role in …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications in diabetes mellitus
and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine and has …

TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) is well identified as a central mediator in renal fibrosis.
TGF-β initiates canonical and non-canonical pathways to exert multiple biological effects …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition in which the kidneys do not work
correctly. It has a high prevalence and represents a serious hazard to human health and …

Cancer and stromal cells actively exert physical forces (solid stress) to compress tumour
blood vessels, thus reducing vascular perfusion. Tumour interstitial matrix also contributes to …

It remains unclear how obesity worsens treatment outcomes in patients with pancreatic
ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In normal pancreas, obesity promotes inflammation and …

Renal fibrosis, particularly tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is the common final outcome of almost
all progressive chronic kidney diseases. Renal fibrosis is also a reliable predictor of …