Abstract The PI3 K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of
signal transduction and biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis …

The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Among the many heavy metals, chromium (Cr) is one of the fascinating ones. In its two most
prevalent oxidation forms, trivalent (Cr 3+) and hexavalent (Cr 6+), Cr has completely …

Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatment available for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's
disease (AD and PD) and that includes the highly controversial approval of the Aβ-targeting …

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of
rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the most important intracellular pathways involved in …

Physical exercise is of great significance for maintaining human health. Exercise can
provide varying degrees of benefits to cognitive function at all stages of life cycle. Currently …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder featuring both motor and
nonmotor symptoms associated with a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the …

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid widely found in marine organisms and microorganisms. With
extensive use in nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and animal feed, astaxanthin will have the …

Abstract PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway represents an essential signaling mechanism
for mammalian enzyme-related receptors in transducing signals or biological processes …

Different animal and human studies from last two decades in the case of Parkinson's
disease (PD) have concentrated on oxidative stress due to increased inflammation and …