The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2~ 21 kPa) and its ultimate
distribution within mitochondria (as low as~ 0.5–1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended …

Hypoxia, a salient feature of most solid tumors, confers invasiveness and resistance to the
tumor cells. Oxygen-consumption photodynamic therapy (PDT) suffers from the undesirable …

Immune cells survey and patrol throughout the body and sometimes take residence in niche
environments with distinct cellular subtypes and nutrients that may fluctuate from those in …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal disease with limited response to
cytotoxic chemoradiotherapy, as well as newer immunotherapies. The PDA tumor …

Current in-vitro 2D cultures and animal models present severe limitations in recapitulating
human physiopathology with striking discrepancies in estimating drug efficacy and side …

The mechanism by which oxidative stress induces inflammation and vice versa is unclear
but is of great importance, being apparently linked to many chronic inflammatory diseases …

Hypoxia is one of the hallmarks of the tumour microenvironment. It is the result of insufficient
blood supply to support proliferating tumour cells. In response to hypoxia, the cellular …

Due to imbalances between vascularity and cellular growth patterns, the tumour
microenvironment harbours multiple metabolic stressors including hypoxia and acidosis …

Advanced in vitro cell culture systems or microphysiological systems (MPSs), including
microfluidic organ‐on‐a‐chip (OoC), are breakthrough technologies in biomedicine. These …

T cell-invigorating cancer immunotherapies have near-curative potential. However, their
clinical benefit is currently limited, as only a fraction of patients respond, suggesting that …