B cells obtain help from T cells in the antibody response by acting as antigen-specific
antigen presenting cells. A direct signal through binding of antigen to membrane Ig can …

Although pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are close to being licensed, a more profound
knowledge of the virulence factors responsible for the morbidity and mortality caused by …

Acquisition of human papillomavirus (HPV) results in an infection of variable duration which
may or may not be associated with clinically apparent lesions. Lesions caused by skintropic …

CD4+ T lymphocytes provide contact-dependent stimuli to B cells that are critical for the
generation of specific antibody responses in a process termed T helper function. The surface …

Although studies have established that innate and adaptive immune responses are
important in controlling West Nile virus (WNV) infection, the function of CD4+ T lymphocytes …

The immune response is characterized by its high degree of specificity. B lymphocytes
capable of producing antibodies that react with an antigen are selected to proliferate and to …

1BB is expressed on activated murine T cells and may function as an accessory signaling
molecule during T‐cell activation. To identify putative 4‐1BB ligands, a fusion protein …

SARS-CoV-2 is the deadly virus behind COVID-19, the disease that went on to ravage the
world and caused the biggest pandemic 21st century has witnessed so far. On the face of …

The durable alloantibody responses that develop in organ transplant patients indicate long-
lived plasma cell output from T-dependent germinal centers (GCs), but which of the two …

Pemphigus vulgaris, which has multiple clinical variants, is an autoimmune blistering
disorder of skin and mucous membranes, usually affecting the elderly, with a strong …