Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling greatly impacts the development and growth of the
central nervous system (CNS). IGF-I and IGF-II, two ligands of the IGF system, exert a wide …

Mammalian reproductive cycles are controlled by an intricate interplay between the
hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads. Central to the function of this axis is the ability of the …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of protein-serine/threonine
kinases, which are highly conserved in protein structures from unicellular eukaryotic …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is critical for various forms of
learning and memory, and is activated by the potent estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2). Here, we …

Background: Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) has been implicated in cell
proliferation, differentiation, and survival. However, its role in vivo remains to be determined …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a component of the mitogen-activated
protein kinase cascade. Exon 2 of erk2 was deleted by homologous recombination and …

BACKGROUND: Elevated phosphorylation of neurotrophin-regulated transcription factors,
such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element binding protein …

Neuronal morphological differentiation is regulated by numerous polypeptide growth factors
(neurotrophic factors). Recently, significant progress has been achieved in clarifying the …

Drug addiction results in part from the distortion of dopamine-controlled plasticity, and
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) plays an important role in the underlying …

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are critical intracellular
signaling intermediates; however, little is known about their isoform-specific functions in …