Optimal cardiac function depends on proper timing of excitation and contraction in various
regions of the heart, as well as on appropriate heart rate. This is accomplished via …

Over the last decade, mouse models have become a popular instrument for studying cardiac
arrhythmias. This review assesses in which respects a mouse heart is a miniature human …

Endurance athletes exhibit sinus bradycardia, that is a slow resting heart rate, associated
with a higher incidence of sinus node (pacemaker) disease and electronic pacemaker …

The rate of action potential firing in nociceptors is a major determinant of the intensity of
pain. Possible modulators of action potential firing include the HCN ion channels, which …

It is highly debated how cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent regulation (CDR) of
the major pacemaker channel HCN4 in the sinoatrial node (SAN) is involved in heart rate …

Bioelectrical impulses intrinsically generated within the sinoatrial node (SAN) trigger the
contraction of the heart in mammals. Though discovered over a century ago, the molecular …

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels have a key role in the
control of heart rate and neuronal excitability. Ivabradine is the first compound acting on …

Cardiac arrhythmias are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting
for 10% to 15% of all deaths. Although most arrhythmias are due to acquired heart disease …

It is now over 100years since the discovery of the cardiac conduction system, consisting of
three main parts, the sinus node, the atrioventricular node and the His–Purkinje system. The …

In the mammalian heart a conduction system of nodes and conducting cells generates and
transduces the electrical signals evoking myocardial contractions. Specialized pacemaker …