Macular edema consists of intra-or subretinal fluid accumulation in the macular region. It
occurs during the course of numerous retinal disorders and can cause severe impairment of …

Aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins and found in all living organisms from
bacteria to human. AQPs mainly involved in the transmembrane diffusion of water as well as …

In this review, we provide a brief synopsis of the evolution and functional diversity of the
aquaporin gene superfamily in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Based upon the latest …

Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving the optic nerve and associated structures, which
is characterized by progressive visual field loss and typical changes of the optic nerve head …

The aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of small integral membrane proteins that facilitate the
bidirectional transport of water across biological membranes in response to osmotic …

Diabetic retinopathy is a debilitating microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. A rich
literature describes the breakdown of retinal endothelial cells and the inner blood-retinal …

The movement of water across the cell membrane is a natural biological process that occurs
during growth, cell division, and cell death. Many cells are known to regulate changes in …

Age is the major risk factor in the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which is a
complex multifactor neurodegenerative disease of the retina and the main cause of …

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a common complication of diabetic retinopathy and is the
leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. Various factors, such as metabolic disorders …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant complication of diabetes. During the pathogenesis
of retinal microangiopathy and neuronopathy, activated retinal Müller cells (RMCs) undergo …