The chloroplast has recently emerged as pivotal to co‐ordinating plant defence responses
and as a target of plant pathogens. Beyond its central position in oxygenic photosynthesis …

The plant hormone auxin governs many aspects of normal plant growth and development.
Auxin also plays an important role in plant–microbe interactions, including interactions …

Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease worldwide.
Unlike other plant pathogens, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is poorly taken up by P …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for cell-to-cell communication in animals. EVs also
play important roles in plant–microbe interactions, but the underlying mechanisms remain …

Filamentous (oomycete and fungal) plant pathogens deliver cytoplasmic effector proteins
into host cells to facilitate disease. How RXLR effectors from the potato late blight pathogen …

Oomycete phytopathogens have adapted to colonise plants using effectors as their
molecular weapons. Intracellular effectors, mostly proteins but also small ribonucleic acids …

In forests, trees such as oaks (Quercus spp.) fulfill key ecological functions, including nutrient
and water cycling. In the last decades, climate change and its related environmental …

Fungal and oomycete pathogens secrete complex arrays of proteins and small RNAs to
interface with plant-host targets and manipulate plant regulatory networks to the microbes' …

Nonspecific lipidtransfer proteins (nsLTPs), which are small, cysteine‐rich proteins, belong
to the pathogenesis‐related protein family, and several of them act as positive regulators …

The elimination of pathogens during composting is crucial for safe utilization of organic
fertilizers and food security. Nevertheless, simple, low-cost and eco-friendly techniques for …