The present document has been conceived as the European update to the American
College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/ESC 2006 Guidelines for …

A unique and highly versatile technique, stress echocardiography (SE) is increasingly
recognized for its utility in the evaluation of non-ischaemic heart disease. SE allows for …

Athletic training is associated with a spectrum of morphologic and functional cardiac
adaptations known as 'the athlete's heart'. 1, 2 To the purpose of the present document an …

Left ventricular non-compaction, the most recently classified form of cardiomyopathy, is
characterised by abnormal trabeculations in the left ventricle, most frequently at the apex. It …

Excessive trabeculation, often referred to as “noncompacted” myocardium, has been
described at all ages, from the fetus to the adult. Current evidence for myocardial …

Cardiogenesis is a complex developmental process involving multiple overlapping stages of
cell fate specification, proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Precise …

Abstract In 2008, The ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases
proposed an updated classification of cardiomyopathies based on morphological and …

Background—Patients with heart failure and chronic anemia frequently demonstrate left
ventricular (LV) trabeculations, which may be compatible with the diagnosis of LV …

Left ventricular hypertrabeculation (LVHT) or noncompaction is a myocardial abnormality of
unknown aetiology, frequently associated with monogenic disorders, particularly …

Whether left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a distinct cardiomyopathy or a
morphologic trait shared by different cardiomyopathies remains controversial. Current …