The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of
HIV infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells …

In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it appears that our scientific resources and
the medical community are not sufficiently developed to combat rapid viral spread all over …

Numerous viruses use specialized surface molecules called fusogens to enter host cells.
Many of these viruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …

Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL).
HTLV-1 carriers have a lifelong asymptomatic balance between infected cells and host …

In humans, retroviruses thrive more as symbionts than as parasites. Apart from the only two
modern exogenous human retroviruses (human T-cell lymphotropic and immunodeficiency …

Introduction The Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first described human
retrovirus. It is currently estimated that around 5 to 10 million people worldwide are infected …

ABSTRACT HIV-1 can efficiently replicate by direct transmission from infected to uninfected
CD4+ T cells at confined local sites designated virological synapses (VSs). VSs are formed …

Human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) was discovered in the 1980s, but it is
estimated to have been infecting humans for more than ten thousand years. 1 With over 90 …

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic human retrovirus which
causes a lifelong infection. An estimated 5–10 million persons are infected with HTLV-1 …

Krüppel-associated box zinc finger proteins (KZFPs) function as a defense mechanism to
maintain the genome stability of higher vertebrates by regulating the transcriptional activities …