Highlights•T-bet+ B cells can be protective in infections and pathogenic in autoimmunity.•T-
bet+ B cells are antigen-experienced.•T-bet+ B cells may be plasmablast precursors or …

B-cell formation, development, and differentiation are complex processes regulated by
several mechanisms. Recently, there has been growing evidence indicating that microRNAs …

For more than a decade the only therapies that were available for multiple sclerosis (MS)
were two immunomodulatory drugs—interferon beta and glatiramer acetate—and the …

It is increasingly apparent that immune tolerance, sometimes invoked by self-reactivity that
overlaps with bnAb epitope specificity, adds to a formidable set of roadblocks impeding …

Effective humoral responses to protein antigens require the precise execution of carefully
timed differentiation programs in both T and B cell compartments. Disturbances in this …

Although multiple and overlapping mechanisms are ultimately responsible for the
immunopathology observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, autoreactive Abs …

Introduction Medicine stands at the threshold of a new era heralded by the vast potential of
cell engineering. Like advances made possible by genetic engineering, current prospects …

While it was long held that T cells were the primary mediators of multiple sclerosis (MS)
pathogenesis, the beneficial effects observed in response to treatment with Rituximab (RTX) …

Objective Systemic sclerosis (SS c) has the highest case‐specific mortality of any rheumatic
disease, and no effective therapy is available. A clear manifestation of SS c is the presence …

Systemic lupus (SLE) is characterized by a break of B cell tolerance that plays a central role
in disease pathophysiology. An early checkpoint defect occurs at the transitional stage …