ABSTRACT T cell exhaustion and loss of memory potential occur during many chronic viral
infections and cancer. We investigated when during chronic viral infection virus-specific CD8 …

Chronic viral infection is often associated with the dysfunction of virus-specific T cells. Our
studies using Il21r-deficient (Il21r–/–) mice now suggest that interleukin-21 (IL-21) is critical …

Particulate vaccines are emerging promising technologies for the creation of tunable
prophylactics against a wide variety of conditions. Vesicular and solid biodegradable …

In the quest to treat intracellular infectious diseases and virus infection, nanoparticles (NPs)
have been considered to be efficient tools for inducing potent immune responses …

The adaptive immune response meets the needs of the organism to generate effector cells
capable of controlling pathogens but also leads to production of memory cells, which …

Effector cells derived from central memory CD8+ T cells were reported to engraft and survive
better than those derived from effector memory populations, suggesting that they are …

The world is now experiencing an epidemic of obesity. Although the effects of obesity on the
development of metabolic and cardiovascular problems are well studied, much less is …

Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity. We are now beginning to
elucidate the mechanisms that govern the formation of memory T cells and their ability to …

Host-and pathogen-specific factors interplay with the environment in a complex fashion to
determine the outcome of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), resulting in one …

The CD8+ memory T cell population is heterogeneous, and it is unclear which subset (s)
optimally mediate the central goal of the immune system—protection against infection. Here …