The clinical response to classical immunosuppressant drugs (cIMDs) is highly variable
among individuals. We performed a systematic review of published evidence supporting the …

Human microbiomes, particularly in the gut, could have a major impact on the efficacy and
toxicity of drugs. However, gut microbial metabolism is often neglected in the drug discovery …

Clinical use of tacrolimus (TAC), an essential immunosuppressant following transplantation,
is complexified by its high pharmacokinetic (PK) variability. The gut microbiota gains …

The dosing of tacrolimus, which forms the backbone of immunosuppressive therapy after
kidney transplantation, is complex. This is due to its variable pharmacokinetics (both …

Gut microbiota is often modified after kidney transplantation. This principally happens in the
first period after transplantation. Antibiotics and, most of all, immunosuppressive drugs are …

Drug efflux transporters are a major determinant of drug efficacy and toxicity. A canonical
example is P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an efflux transporter that controls the intestinal absorption …

The human microbiome is associated with human health and disease. Exogenous
compounds, including pharmaceutical products, are also known to be affected by the …

A major challenge in kidney transplantation (KT) is the large interpatient variability in the
pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressive drugs. Here, we explored the role of the gut …