The activation of the innate immune system induces the production of blood‐borne
proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), which in turn triggers brain‐mediated …

Key points Hindbrain NMDA receptors play important roles in reflexive and behavioural
responses to vagal activation. NMDA receptors have also been shown to contribute to the …

Primary afferent axons within the solitary tract (ST) relay homeostatic information via
glutamatergic synapses directly to second-order neurons within the nucleus of the solitary …

Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with chronic intermittent hypoxia/hypercapnia (CIHH)
episodes during sleep that heighten sympathetic and diminish parasympathetic activity to …

Cranial primary afferent sensory neurons figure importantly in homeostatic control of visceral
organ systems. Of the two broad classes of visceral afferents, the role of unmyelinated or C …

The glomus cells in the carotid bodies (CB) detect alterations in pH and pCO2 and low pO2
level in arterial blood. The carotid sinus nerve conveys the information related to the oxygen …

Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists profoundly influence digestive and other autonomic
functions by modulating neurons in nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal motor …

Neurons in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) possess morphologic characteristics that
have been correlated with the type of synaptic information they receive. These features have …

Cranial visceral afferents innervate second-order nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons
via myelinated (A-type) and unmyelinated (C-type) axons in the solitary tract (ST). A-and C …

Cranial nerve visceral afferents enter the brain stem to synapse on neurons within the
solitary tract nucleus (NTS). The broad heterogeneity of both visceral afferents and NTS …