A biomarker describes a measurable indicator of a patient's clinical condition that can be
measured accurately and reproducibly. Biomarkers offer utility for diagnosis, prognosis …

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause
severe invasive infections upon ingestion with contaminated food. Clinically, listerial …

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease of the membranes lining the brain
resulting in a high mortality and morbidity throughout the world. In the past decades the …

The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional signaling mechanism between the
gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The complexity of the intestinal …

Antimicrobial drugs are key tools to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Despite the early
success of antibiotics, the current treatment of bacterial infections faces serious challenges …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infectious pathogen responsible for millions of deaths
worldwide. Diseases caused by this bacterium are classified as pneumococcal diseases …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), constituted by an extensive network of endothelial cells (ECs)
together with neurons and glial cells, including microglia, forms the neurovascular unit …

The meninges are the fibrous covering of the central nervous system (CNS) which contain
vastly heterogeneous cell types within its three layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia). The dural …

Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that coordinate the immune response throughout
the body. The dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines is a central feature in the …

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space that can also involve
the brain cortex and parenchyma. It can be acquired spontaneously in the community …