Chronic pain is a critical clinical problem with an increasing prevalence. However, there are
limited effective prevention measures and treatments for chronic pain. Astrocytes are the …

Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that coordinate the immune response throughout
the body. The dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines is a central feature in the …

Background Trimethylamine (TMA), produced by the gut microbiota from dietary quaternary
amines (mainly choline and carnitine), is associated with atherosclerosis and severe …

Inflammation is the process by which an organism responds to tissue injury involving both
immune cell recruitment and mediator release. Diverse causes of neuropathic pain are …

Neuropathic pain resulting from damage or dysfunction of the nervous system is a highly
debilitating chronic pain state and is often resistant to currently available treatments. It has …

In addition to central hyperexcitability and impaired top–down modulation, chronic
inflammation probably plays a role in the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia (FM). Indeed, on …

Recent studies have implicated chemokines in microglial activation and pathogenesis of
neuropathic pain. CXC motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) is a B lymphocyte chemoattractant …

Fibromyalgia is a multifaceted disease. The clinical picture of fibromyalgia covers numerous
comorbidities. Each comorbidity stands as a distinct condition. However, common …

Recent studies have indicated an important role of chemokines such as CCL2 in the
development of chronic pain. However, the distinct roles of different chemokines in the …

Fibromyalgia is a common chronic pain syndrome characterized by widespread pains and
characteristic somatic symptoms. Current evidence suggests that cytokines and especially …