The tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
(NNK) and N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) always occur together and exclusively in tobacco …

Aldo–keto reductases (AKRs) are a superfamily of NAD (P) H linked oxidoreductases that
are generally monomeric 34–37kDa proteins present in all phyla. The superfamily consists …

The ability to conduct validated analyses of biomarkers is critically important in order to
establish the sensitivity and selectivity of the biomarker in identifying a particular disease …

Exogenous and endogenous sources of chemical species can react, directly or after
metabolic activation, with DNA to yield DNA adducts. If not repaired, DNA adducts may …

Structural modifications of nucleobases within the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of living cells
can be induced as a result of actions of specialized DNA-modifying enzymes (creating …

Exposure to endogenous and exogenous chemicals can lead to the formation of structurally
modified DNA bases (DNA adducts). If not repaired, these nucleobase lesions can cause …

Nitrosamines occur widespread in food, drinking water, cosmetics, as well as tobacco smoke
and can arise endogenously. More recently, nitrosamines have been detected as impurities …

Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the method of choice for
analysis of covalent modification of DNA. DNA adductomics is an extension of this approach …

Many chemical carcinogens require metabolic activation via xenobiotic-metabolizing
enzymes in order to exert their genotoxic effects. Evidence from numerous in-vitro studies …

The use of electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) has increased rapidly in the United States,
especially among high school students. e‐Cigarettes contain some recognized carcinogens …