Migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by a unilateral, throbbing, pulsing
headache, which lasts for hours to days, and the pain can interfere with daily activities. It …

The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves a complex immune/inflammatory cascade that is
initiated by the bacteria of the oral biofilm that forms naturally on the teeth. The susceptibility …

Background The neuroinflammatory response following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known
to be a key secondary injury factor that can drive ongoing neuronal injury. Despite this …

Apical periodontitis caused by root canal infection is the most frequent pathological lesion in
the jaws, mainly manifested as periapical granulomas and cysts. Understanding of the …

Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a common oral disease that confers substantial systemic
inflammatory and microbial burden and is a major cause of tooth loss. Here, we present the …

Inflammation is a complex reaction to injurious agents and includes vascular responses,
migration, and activation of leukocytes. Inflammation starts with an acute reaction, which …

Aim Ischemic damage to the brain is linked to an increased rate of morbidity and mortality
worldwide. In certain parts of the world, it remains a leading cause of mortality and the …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate
immune system that defend against invading bacteria, viruses, and fungi through membrane …

Objectives This review article discusses the host response in apical periodontitis with the
main focus on cytokines, produced under this pathological condition and contributing to the …

Dental pulp is a soft mesenchymal tissue densely innervated by afferent (sensory) fibers,
sympathetic fibers, and parasympathetic fibers. This complexity in pulp innervation has …