Interferon (IFN) responses, mediated by a myriad of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), are the
most profound innate immune responses against viruses. Cumulatively, these IFN effectors …

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential dietary amino acid that, unless otherwise committed to
protein synthesis, undergoes metabolism via the Tryptophan-Kynurenine (TRP-KYN) …

Mallard ducks are a natural host and reservoir of avian Influenza A viruses. While most
influenza strains can replicate in mallards, the virus typically does not cause substantial …

Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which is characterized by severe
watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and a high mortality rate in piglets, leads to …

Chicken gastrointestinal tract is an important site of immune cell development that not only
regulates gut microbiota but also maintains extra-intestinal immunity. Recent studies have …

Infection of chickens with virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is associated with severe
pathology and increased morbidity and mortality. The innate immune response contributes …

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes severe economic losses through severe morbidity
and mortality and poses a significant threat to the global poultry industry. Significant efforts …

In the last few years, inorganic nanosystems, or nanometals, were of great interest to
conventional therapy. In this study, Copper Chitosan Nanocomposite (CuCNP) was …

Interferon (IFN)-κ is a type I IFN that plays a central role in anti-viral defense and host
immune response. The functions of type I IFNs have not been clearly defined in chickens …

The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low pathogenic AIV that infects avian
species and lead to huge economical losses in the poultry industry. The unique …