Exosomes are spherical lipid bilayer vesicles composed of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
that deliver signaling molecules through a vesicular transport system to regulate the function …

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a common hyperglycemic disease characterized by the
autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Various attempts …

Macrophages are innate immune cells in the organism and can be found in almost tissues
and organs. They are highly plastic and heterogeneous cells and can participate in the …

The human body is colonized by abundant and diverse microorganisms, collectively known
as the microbiome. The oral cavity has more than 700 species of bacteria and consists of …

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that mainly
involves exocrine glands. Patients present with dry mouth and eyes, fever, arthralgia, and …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with heterogeneous clinical
manifestations that can potentially affect every organ and system. SLE is usually identified …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in maintaining immune balance and regulating the
loss of self-tolerance mechanisms in various autoimmune diseases, including primary …

As a gateway to general health and a diverse microbial habitat, the oral cavity is colonized
by numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Oral microbiota …

Background Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggested that gut microbiota-
based therapies may be effective in treating autoimmune diseases, but a systematic …

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by lymphocytic
infiltration of the secretory glands. This leads to dryness of the main mucosal surfaces such …