Background Exposure to noxious particles, including cigarette smoke and fine particulate
matter (PM2. 5), is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and …

Inflammasomes are supramolecular structures that sense molecular patterns from
pathogenic organisms or damaged cells and trigger an innate immune response, most …

The innate immune system is responsible for sensing pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by several types of …

Viral infections trigger the innate immune system to produce interferons (IFNs), which play
important role in host antiviral responses. Co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has …

Pediatric pulmonologists are frequently consulted on the child with “too many” respiratory
infections. Considering the volume of air, particulates, chemicals, and potential airborne …

Conclusions: The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3
(NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of middle ear diseases …

Two million infants die each year from infectious diseases before they reach 12 mo; many of
these diseases are vaccine preventable in older populations. Pattern recognition receptors …

Nutrient sensing molecules are central to cell growth and metabolism and are implicated in
cancer and the metabolic syndrome. Regulation of nutrient sensors is complex, and may be …

Oligomerization of nod-like receptors (NLRs) can be detected by several biochemical
techniques dependent on the stringency of protein–protein interactions. Some of these …

NOD‐like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular sensors of the innate immune system that
recognize intracellular pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger …