Background: Children are routinely exposed to chemicals known or suspected of harming
brain development. Targeting Environmental Neuro-Development Risks (Project TENDR) …

Background: Transnational immigration has increased since the 1950s. In countries such as
the United States, immigrants now account for> 15% of the population. Although differences …

Maternal exposure to air pollution has been associated with a higher birth defect (BD) risk.
Previous studies suffer from inaccurate exposure assessment methods, confounding …

Objectives We investigated differences in prevalence of major birth defects by maternal
nativity within racial/ethnic groups for 27 major birth defects. Methods Data from 11 …

Association rule mining (ARM) has been widely used to identify associations between
various entities in many fields. Although some studies have utilized it to analyze the …

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects that arise during embryogenesis when normal
neural tube closure fails to occur. According to the World Health Organization, NTDs are …

Background Maternal smoking or passive smoking during gestation increases the risk of
congenital birth defects, including neural tube defects (NTDs). Cigarette smoke is a …

Background Causes of most birth defects are largely unknown. Genetics, maternal factors
(eg, age, smoking) and environmental exposures have all been linked to some birth defects …

Objective: Investigate whether residential prenatal exposure to heavy metal hazardous air
pollutants (HMHAPs) is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. Methods: Data on …

Background: Individual measures of socioeconomic status (SES) have been associated with
an increased risk of neural tube defects (NTDs); however, the association between …