The potential for commonly used anesthetics and sedatives to cause neuroapoptosis and
other neurodegenerative changes in the developing mammalian brain has become evident …

Anesthetic agents disrupt neurodevelopment in animal models, but evidence in humans is
mixed. The morphologic and behavioral changes observed across many species predicted …

Critical illness is a life-changing event for patients and their families. As mortality has
declined, many survivors experience new and persistent impairments in physical …

A major limitation to structural and functional MRI (fMRI) scans is their susceptibility to head
motion artifacts. Even submillimeter movements can systematically distort functional …

General and central nervous system anatomy and physiology in children is different to that of
adults and this is relevant to traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury. The …

Colonoscopy is the most commonly performed endoscopic procedure and overall is
considered a low-risk procedure. However, adverse events (AEs) related to this routinely …

Background Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in children is increasingly performed as it
allows contralateral inspection and potentially results in shorter operation time and less …

One percent to 2% of pregnant women undergo nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy.
Historically, there has been a reluctance to operate on pregnant women based on concerns …

Importance Anesthesia and surgery are believed to act on the central nervous system by a
fully reversible mechanism innocuous to nerve cells. Evidence that neurological sequelae …

Background Millions of children experienced surgery procedures requiring general
anesthesia (GA). Any potential neurodevelopmental risks of pediatric anesthesia can be a …