Background: Chronic ethanol exposure reduces dopamine transmission in the nucleus
accumbens, which may contribute to the negative affective symptoms associated with …

Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder. Multiple neural networks in the brain
including the reward system (eg, the mesocorticolimbic system), the anti-reward/stress …

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is escalating all over the world and has
higher morbidities and mortalities in certain vulnerable populations. People Who Use Drugs …

Stress-related disorders, such as anxiety, early life stress, and posttraumatic stress disorder
appear to be important factors in promoting alcoholism, as alcohol consumption can …

The identification of a heuristic framework for the stages of the addiction cycle that are linked
to neurocircuitry changes in pathophysiology includes the binge/intoxication stage, the …

Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in the central nervous system have been known to be
important regulators of a variety of psychiatry illnesses, including anxiety and addiction, but …

Addiction is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Here we
review studies that indicate that compulsive drug use, and in particular punishment …

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) plays a key role in adaptive processes associated with
reward, tolerance, memory and stress responses. Through interactions with brain reward …

Abstract Knowledge regarding substance use (SU) and substance use disorder (SUD) in
individuals with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (ID) has increased over the last …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) induce messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation and repress mRNA
translation. Several miRNAs control the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor …