While social context has long been considered central to substance use disorder prevention
and treatment and many drug-taking events occur in social settings, experimental research …

Evidence has demonstrated that dynorphin (DYN) and the kappa opioid receptor (KOR)
system contribute to various psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and …

Recent technical developments have transformed how neuroscientists can probe brain
function. What was once thought to be difficult and perhaps impossible, stimulating a single …

Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering
increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid …

There is compelling evidence that acute ethanol exposure stimulates ventral tegmental area
(VTA) dopamine cell activity and that VTA-dependent dopamine release in terminal fields …

Cessation from chronic alcohol abuse often produces a dysphoric state that can persist into
protracted withdrawal. This dysphoric state is theorized to function as a negative reinforcer …

Abstract Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a multifaceted relapsing disorder that is commonly
comorbid with psychiatric disorders, including anxiety. Alcohol exposure produces a …

Importance Reward circuitry dysfunction is a candidate mechanism of co-occurring bipolar
disorder and alcohol use disorder (BD+ AUD) that remains understudied. This functional …

The habenula is an epithalamic structure located at the center of the dorsal diencephalic
conduction system, a pathway involved in linking forebrain to midbrain regions. Composed …

Alcohol addiction can cause brain dysfunction and many other diseases. Recently,
increasing evidences have suggested that gut microbiota plays a vital role in regulating …