Externally added fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) is capable of crossing cellular
membranes to reach the cytosol and the nucleus in a number of cell types. We have …

For the analysis of membrane transport processes two single molecule methods are
available that differ profoundly in data acquisition principle, achievable information, and …

Chloroplasts are key organelles in algae and plants due to their photosynthetic abilities.
They are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cyanobacteria taken up by a eukaryotic …

Starting in the early 1970s, a type of programmed cell death called apoptosis began to
receive attention. Over the next three decades, research in this area continued at an …

The bioenergetic organelles of eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, are derived
from endosymbiotic bacteria. Their electron transport chains (ETCs) resemble those of free …

The translocation process of a globular protein (ubiquitin) across a cylindrical nanopore is
studied via molecular dynamics simulations. The ubiquitin is described by a native-centric …

Introduction 3. Autophagy 3.1. Recycling of cytoplasmic content and organelles 3.2. Role in
innate immunity 4. Intracellular pathogens and autophagy 4.1. Elimination of pathogens by …

Renalase is a recently discovered secretory protein involved in the regulation of blood
pressure. Cells synthesize all known isoforms of human renalase (1 and 2) as flavoproteins …

Macroautophagy is a catabolic process for the lysosomal turnover of cell organelles and
protein aggregates. Lysosomal degradation products are displayed by major …

The repertoire of secreted proteins decoded by a microorganism represents proteins
released from or associated with the cell surface. In gut commensals, such as bifidobacteria …