The gastrointestinal mucosal immune system faces unique challenges in dealing not only
with fed antigens but also both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. It is tasked with …

Interactions between the nervous system and immune system are required for organ
function and homeostasis. Evidence suggests that enteric neurons and intestinal immune …

Recent studies have highlighted the fundamental role of commensal microbes in the
maintenance of host homeostasis. For instance, commensals can play a major role in the …

Lymphocyte homing to draining lymph nodes is critical for the initiation of immune
responses. Secondary lymphoid organs of germ-free mice are underdeveloped. How gut …

Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise distinct populations with specialized immune-regulatory
functions. However, the environmental factors that determine the differentiation of these …

The incidence of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is strongly associated with
solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, HIV and human papilloma virus (HPV). Africa has the highest …

Regulatory T cells expressing the FoxP3 transcription factor have a profound and
nonredundant role in several aspects of immunological tolerance. We will review here the …

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient throughout life. Its physiologically active metabolite
retinoic acid (RA), acting through nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs), is a potent …

The relationship between host organisms and their microbiota has co‐evolved towards an
inter‐dependent network of mutualistic interactions. This interplay is particularly well studied …

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells is a
successful therapy for autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection in experimental …