Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease in the elderly. Although OA has been
considered as primarily a disease of the articular cartilage, the participation of subchondral …

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds spotted in various fruits, vegetables, barks, tea
plants, and stems and many more natural commodities. They have a multitude of …

Osteoimmunology is a new subject which focuses on the communication between the
immune and the skeletal systems. Both the immune system and bone communicate with …

Rationale: Growing evidence indicates that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)
accumulation is a critical factor in the development of osteoporosis by triggering osteoclast …

Myostatin (also known as growth and differentiation factor 8) is a secreted member of the
transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family that is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle …

SHIP is an SH2-containing inositol-5-phosphatase expressed in hematopoietic cells. It
hydrolyzes the PI3K product PI (3, 4, 5) P 3 and blunts the PI3K-initiated signaling pathway …

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor
(TNFR) family protein that plays an important role in the regulation of bone and immune …

Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P), produced by sphingosine kinase (SPHK), acts both by
intracellular and extracellular modes. We evaluated the role of SPHK1 and S1P in …

Osteoimmunology is the interdiscipline that focuses on the relationship between the skeletal
and immune systems. They are interconnected by shared signal pathways and cytokines …

It has been established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H 2 O 2 or superoxide
anion is involved in bone loss-related diseases by stimulating osteoclast differentiation and …