The complexity, diversity, and heterogeneity of tumors seriously undermine the therapeutic
potential of treatment. Therefore, the current trend in clinical research has gradually shifted …

Normal cells produce adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) mainly through mitochondrial
oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) when oxygen is available. Most cancer cells, on the …

Free radicals, usually containing one or more unpaired electrons, are extremely unstable
and highly reactive with other biological molecules. Recently, there has been increasing …

Background Radioresistance is a major factor leading to the failure of radiotherapy and poor
prognosis in tumor patients. Following the application of radiotherapy, the activity of various …

Radiation therapy is one of the major tools of cancer treatment, and is widely used for a
variety of malignant tumours. Radiotherapy causes DNA damage directly by ionization or …

Radiotherapy is one of the major cancer treatment strategies. Exposure to penetrating
radiation causes cellular stress, directly or indirectly, due to the generation of reactive …

Metastasis is not the result of a random event, as cancer cells can sustain and proliferate
actively only in a suitable tissue microenvironment and then form metastases. Since Dr …

Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) is a transcriptional activator of various genes related to
cellular adaptive responses to hypoxia. Dysfunctions in the regulatory systems of HIF‐1 …

Currently, radiation therapy is one of the standard therapies for cancer treatment. Since the
first applications, the field of radiotherapy has constantly improved, both in imaging …

Simple Summary The term hypoxia is used to describe biological situations where
insufficient levels of oxygen exist. Hypoxia and hypoxic states can occur in a range of …