The existence of subsets of CD4+ helper T lymphocytes that differ in their cytokine secretion
patterns and effector functions provides a framework for understanding the heterogeneity of …

The hygiene hypothesis postulates that an environment with a high incidence of infectious
diseases protects against allergic and autoimmune diseases, whereas hygienic …

Guidelines are now regarded as translational research instruments, designed to provide
cutting-edge benchmarks for good practice and bedside evidence for clinicians to use in an …

▪ Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing
genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection …

Dendritic cells are rare haematopoietic cells that reside in a number of organs and tissues.
By capturing, processing and presenting antigens to T cells, dendritic cells are essential for …

The gut is an obvious target for the development of functional foods, acting as it does as the
interface between diet and the metabolic events which sustain life. The key processes in …

The sudden emergence of a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
in December 2019 from China and its rapid global spread has posed an international health …

Peptides and proteins remain poorly bioavailable upon oral administration. One of the most
promising strategies to improve their oral delivery relies on their association with colloidal …

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease
that serves as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Oral administration of myelin basic …

For many years, the intestine was one of the poor relations of the immunology world, being a
realm inhabited mostly by specialists and those interested in unusual phenomena. However …