Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), coming from a wide range of sources, have multi-
directional differentiation ability. MSCs play vital roles in immunomodulation, hematopoiesis …

Low back pain (LBP) is a common disease that imposes a huge social and economic
burden on people. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) is often considered to be …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential alternatives for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in
the treatment of musculoskeletal degenerative diseases, including intervertebral disc …

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a multifactorial pathological process associated
with low back pain, the leading cause of years lived in disability worldwide. Key …

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) is the main cause of low back pain with major
social and economic burdens; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly …

Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a normal part of aging. Due to the spine's
declining function and the development of pain, it may affect one's physical health, mental …

Regeneration of Intervertebral disc (IVD) is a scientific challenge because of the complex
structure and composition of tissue, as well as the difficulty in achieving bionic function …

Low back pain (LBP) in one of the most disabling symptoms affecting nearly 80% of the
population worldwide. Its primary cause seems to be intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) …

Discectomy procedures alleviate disability caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation, but
do not repair herniation-induced annulus fibrosus (AF) defects. Cell therapy shows promise …

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is frequently associated with Low back pain (LBP),
which can severely reduce the quality of human life and cause enormous economic loss …