The review provides a comprehensive update (previous report: Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di
Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial …

The management of patients with severe brain injuries and prolonged disorders of
consciousness raises important issues particularly with respect to their therapeutic options …

Background and purpose Patients with acquired brain injury and acute or prolonged
disorders of consciousness (DoC) are challenging. Evidence to support diagnostic decisions …

Consciousness can be defined by two components: arousal (wakefulness) and awareness
(subjective experience). However, neurophysiological consciousness metrics able to …

Various theories for the neural basis of consciousness have been proposed, suggesting a
diversity of neural signs and mechanisms. We ask to what extent this diversity is real, or …

Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS–EEG) has
emerged as a powerful tool to non-invasively probe brain circuits in humans, allowing for the …

The analysis of spontaneous EEG activity and evoked potentials is a cornerstone of the
instrumental evaluation of patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). The past few …

Recent advances in functional neuroimaging have demonstrated novel potential for
informing diagnosis and prognosis in the unresponsive wakeful syndrome and minimally …

Over the last years, a surge of empirical studies converged on complexity-related measures
as reliable markers of consciousness across many different conditions, such as sleep …

Background The impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on cortical neurons is
currently hard to predict based on a priori biophysical and anatomical knowledge alone …