Upper-limb impairment after stroke is caused by weakness, loss of individual joint control,
spasticity, and abnormal synergies. Upper-limb movement frequently involves abnormal …

The central nervous system (CNS) is believed to utilize specific predefined modules, called
muscle synergies (MS), to accomplish a motor task. Yet questions persist about how the …

Background Exoskeletons for lower and upper extremities have been introduced in
neurorehabilitation because they can guide the patient's limb following its anatomy, covering …

In the last years, several studies have been focused on understanding how the central
nervous system controls muscles to perform a specific motor task. Although it still remains an …

Muscle synergies describe common patterns of co-or reciprocal activation that occur during
movement. After stroke, these synergies change, often in stereotypical ways. The …

Introduction Muscle synergies have been proposed as a strategy employed by the central
nervous system to control movements. Muscle synergy analysis is a well-established …

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease affecting
multiple functional systems and resulting in motor impairments associated with muscle …

Background Recently, muscle synergy analysis has become a standard methodology for
extracting coordination patterns from electromyographic (EMG) signals, and for the …

Background Compensating for the effect of gravity by providing arm-weight support (WS) is a
technique often utilized in the rehabilitation of patients with neurological conditions such as …

Aim of the study This review classifies the kinematic measures used to evaluate post-stroke
motor impairment following upper limb robot-assisted rehabilitation and investigates their …