Cancers represent complex ecosystems comprising tumor cells and a multitude of non-
cancerous cells, embedded in an altered extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment …

Heterobifunctional protein degraders, such as PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC)
protein degraders, constitute a novel therapeutic modality that harnesses the cell's natural …

Dying mammalian cells emit numerous signals that interact with the host to dictate the
immunological correlates of cellular stress and death. In the absence of reactive antigenic …

Eukaryotic cells have developed complex systems to regulate the production and response
to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different ROS control diverse aspects of cell behaviour …

The balance of programmed death-1 (PD-1)-expressing CD8+ T cells and regulatory T
(Treg) cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) determines the clinical efficacy of PD-1 …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER
stress, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore …

Cancer vaccines aim to direct the immune system to eradicate cancer cells. Here we review
the essential immunologic concepts underpinning natural immunity and highlight the …

CD8+ T cells are end effectors of cancer immunity. Most forms of effective cancer
immunotherapy involve CD8+ T cell effector function. Here, we review the current …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of
hematologic malignancies. Approximately half of patients with refractory large B cell …