Introduction Cancer vaccine represents a promising strategy toward personalized
immunotherapy, and its therapeutic potency highly relies on the specificity of tumor antigens …

Cross-presentation (XPT) is an adaptation of the cellular process in which dendritic cells
(DCs) present exogenous antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer treatment and led to complete
and durable responses, but only for a minority of patients. Resistance to ICB can largely be …

Tumor vaccine therapy, which can induce tumor antigen-specific cellular immune responses
to directly kill tumor cells, is considered to be one of the most promising tumor …

Cancer nanovaccines offer a promising strategy for fighting against tumors, however, the
engineering of cancer nanovaccines that can be easily fabricated with tanglesome cancer …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by various immune cells, including B and T cells,
macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and mast cells, mediate …

The H9N2 avian influenza virus significantly affects the health of poultry and humans. We
identified a prokaryotic and eukaryotic dual-expression vector system, pJHL270, that can …

This study found a higher percentage of CD8+ T cells in piglets immunized with a CVC1302-
adjuvanted inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine. We wondered …

With the advent of cancer immunotherapy, there is a growing interest in vaccine
development as a means to activate the cellular immune system against cancer. Despite the …

The proteins of many viruses can be assembled into strictly organized structures—virus-like
particles bearing antigens of the original viruses and may also be artificially decorated with …