This article reviews the biologic, genetic, and environmental factors that may contribute to
the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. As an affective spectrum disorder, fibromyalgia may …

NSAIDs inhibit the cyclo-oxygenase enzymes, and decrease peripheral and central
prostaglandin production. In addition to reducing the inflammation that accompanies tissue …

Although the etiology of chronic pain following trauma is not well understood, numerous
retrospective studies have shown that a significant proportion of chronic pain patients have a …

The common treatment for postoperative pain is prescription opioids. Yet, these drugs have
limited effect in preventing chronic pain from surgical intervention and have in part …

Background Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are recommended for
multimodal postoperative pain management. We evaluated opioid-sparing effects and …

BACKGROUND: Both dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine are effective peripheral nerve
block (PNB) perineural adjuncts that prolong block duration. However, each is associated …

Clinical evidence suggests that–besides their well known analgesic activity–opioids can
increase rather than decrease sensitivity to noxious stimuli. Based on the observation that …

Intractable neuropathic pain often results from nerve injury. One immediate event in
damaged nerve is a sustained increase in spontaneous afferent activity, which has a well …

The purpose of preemptive analgesia is to reduce postoperative pain, contributing to a more
comfortable recovery period and reducing the need for narcotic pain control. The efficacy of …

Background Tolerance seriously impedes the application of morphine in clinical medicine.
Thus, it is necessary to investigate the exact mechanisms and efficient treatment. Microglial …