The progression of cancer involves a critical step in which malignant cells escape from
control by the immune system. Antineoplastic agents are particularly efficient when they …

Single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been tested in patients with
advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), leading to objective response rates of 15-20 …

Over the past few decades, substantial evidence has convincingly revealed the existence of
cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a minor subpopulation in cancers, contributing to an aberrantly …

Radiotherapy (RT) uses ionizing radiation to eradicate localized tumors and, in rare cases,
control tumors outside of the irradiated fields via stimulating an antitumor immune response …

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy targeting anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-
1) or its ligand (anti-PD-L1) is the backbone of numerous combination regimens aimed at …

The discovery of vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) has revolutionized our
understanding of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during development and physiological …

Cancer vaccines aim at eliciting tumor‐specific responses for the immune system to identify
and eradicate malignant tumor cells while sparing the normal tissues. Furthermore, cancer …

Immunotherapy has emerged as a major therapeutic modality in oncology. Currently,
however, the majority of patients with cancer do not derive benefit from these treatments …

Emerging nanocatalytic tumor therapies based on nontoxic but catalytically active inorganic
nanoparticles (NPs) for intratumoral production of high‐toxic reactive oxygen species have …

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) activates host's anti-tumor immune response by blocking
negative regulatory immune signals. A series of clinical trials showed that ICI could …